Corrigendum: Rethinking 'secondary' metabolism: physiological roles for phenazine antibiotics

Rethinking middle leadership roles in secondary schools

Rethinking antibiotics

INTRODUCTIONS In the past 50 years, antibiotics became an important part of our everyday lives: we take them during routine visits to dental and doctor offices, but they are also invisibly present on supermarket produce shelves. If asked around, one would probably hear as many definitions of the word “antibiotic” as there are uses for these powerful drugs. However, this everyday presence was re...

Physiological and Pathological Roles for MicroRNAs: Implications for Immunity Complications

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding regulatory RNAs molecules with a size of approximately 22 nucleotides that are implicated in regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional regulatory levels. Inflammatory disorders especially autoimmune diseases (ADs) occur from an abnormal immune response of body against cells of their own specific tissues or multiple organ systems leading to ch...

Beyond insulin: rethinking cellular metabolism

The latest cancer therapeutics are almost all inhibitors of oncogenes or their downstream mediators. With the exception of imatinib, most such drugs have been disappointing in the clinic. In contrast, existing successful cancer drugs have a therapeutic index because they render the consequences of oncogene activation selectively toxic to the cancer cell. A renewed focus on this type of approach...

Physiological and pathophysiological roles for phospholipase D.

Individual members of the mammalian phospholipase D (PLD) superfamily undertake roles that extend from generating the second messenger signaling lipid, phosphatidic acid, through hydrolysis of the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine, to functioning as an endonuclease to generate small RNAs and facilitating membrane vesicle trafficking through seemingly nonenzymatic mechanisms. With recen...